White Blood Cell Disorders (WBC's Disorders)

  Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) ALL : Rapid growth of abnormal white blood cells impairing normal blood cell production; requires prompt treatment like chemotherapy. OR Leukemia is the most prevalent childhood cancer, with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) representing 75-80% of cases. FAB Classification of ALL L1: Mature-appearing lymphoblasts, small blasts, high N:C ratio. L2: Immature and pleomorphic lymphoblasts, small and large blasts, moderate N:C ratio. L3: Large and uniform lymphoblasts (Burkitt's cells), deep basophilic cytoplasm, vacuolation, low N:C ratio. Features L1 L2 L3 Cell size Small, uniform Large, often heterogeneous Large, homogeneous Nucleus Round, regular Oval to round, irregular clefting Round Amount of cytoplasm Scant Moderately abundant Moderately abundant Genetic materia

  Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a rapidly progressing cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, characterized by the rapid growth of abnormal myeloid cells. OR Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a type of blood cancer. In children, it occurs in about 2 to 3 out of every 100,000 children per year.In older adults, particularly those over 60 years old, the incidence rises significantly to around 15 cases per 100,000 people per year. WHO Classification (Newer): Incorporates and interrelates morphology (cell appearance), cytogenetics (chromosomal abnormalities), molecular genetics (genetic mutations), and immunologic markers (cell surface proteins). Allows for a more comprehensive understanding of leukemia subtypes by considering multiple factors. Defines acute leukemia as having 20% or more blasts (immature cells) in the blood and bone marrow. FAB Classification (Older): Primarily based on morphological features observed under the microscop

  Chronic myelogenous leukemia Definition: CML is a type of cancer that starts in the blood-forming cells of the bone marrow and leads to an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. OR Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder defined b y the presence of the BCR-ABL fusion gene, resulting in leukocytosis accompanied by a full left shift. Myeloproliferative Disorder: A group of blood disorders characterized by the excessive production of one or more types of blood cells in the bone marrow. OR are classified as clonal malignancies originating from hematopoietic stem cells. The WHO categorizes chronic myeloproliferative diseases (CMPDs) as follows :   1.       Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML): a.        Chronic Phase b.       Accelerated Phase c.        Blast Phase 2.       Polycythemia Vera (PV) 3.       Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) 4.       Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF): a.        Profibrotic Phase b.       Fibroti